The author(s) have made the following disclosure(s): L.E.D.: Financial support – CooperVision, Azura Ophthalmics, Seqirus, Kedalion Therapeutics Oral carotenoid supplementation improved CFF (2 RCTs MD, 1.55 Hz 95% CI, 0.42 to 2.67 Hz P = 0.007) relative to placebo, although the clinical significance of this finding is unclear.Īll authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE disclosures form. Oral omega-3 supplementation for 45 days to 3 months improved dry eye symptoms (2 RCTs mean difference, –3.36 95% CI, –3.63 to –3.10 on an 18 unit scale P < 0.00001) relative to placebo. Likewise, berry extract supplementation had no significant effects on critical flicker-fusion frequency (CFF) or accommodative amplitude. Relative to placebo, oral berry extract supplementation did not improve visual fatigue (7 RCTs SMD, –0.27 95% CI, –0.70 to 0.16 P = 0.22) or dry eye symptoms (4 RCTs SMD, –0.10 95% CI, –0.54 to 0.33 P = 0.65).
Visual fatigue symptoms were not reduced by blue-blocking spectacles (3 RCTs), with evidence judged of low certainty. Multifocal lenses did not improve visual fatigue scores compared with single-vision lenses (3 RCTs SMD, 0.11 95% confidence interval, –0.14 to 0.37 P = 0.38). Forty-five RCTs, involving 4497 participants, were included.
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